The implications of exosomes in psoriasis: disease: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.

As the largest human organ, the skin is continuously exposed to various external and internal triggers that affect body homeostasis. Psoriasis is a persistent inflammatory skin condition that has a major bearing on patients' physiological functioning as well as their mental well-being. It is an autoimmune disorder and has been the focus of extensive research efforts in recent years. Cells secrete exosomes into the environment surrounding them, which comprises a lipid bilayer. The movement of cellular components like microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, metabolites, and cell-surface proteins is mediated by exosomes. Exosomes are crucial for inducing communication between cells. There has been extensive study of exosomes, both preclinical and clinical, looking at their potential role in autoimmune diseases. Besides the role that they play in the body's basic processes, exosomes are also considered an increasingly essential part as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. In the following article, we conduct a literature review of current studies related to molecular and structural aspects of exosomes. We emphasis on the function of exosomes in pathogenesis, as well as the possibility of their usage in medicinal applications and as biomarkers.

Decoding contextual crosstalk: revealing distinct interactions between non-coding RNAs and unfolded protein response in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is significantly influenced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, impacting both its initiation and progression. When cells experience an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins, they activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore cellular balance. In breast cancer, the UPR is frequently triggered due to challenging conditions within tumors. The UPR has a dual impact on breast cancer. On one hand, it can contribute to tumor growth by enhancing cell survival and resistance to programmed cell death in unfavorable environments. On the other hand, prolonged and severe ER stress can trigger cell death mechanisms, limiting tumor progression. Furthermore, ER stress has been linked to the regulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in breast cancer cells. These ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play essential roles in cancer development by influencing gene expression and cellular processes. An improved understanding of how ER stress and ncRNAs interact in breast cancer can potentially lead to new treatment approaches. Modifying specific ncRNAs involved in the ER stress response might interfere with cancer cell survival and induce cell death. Additionally, focusing on UPR-associated proteins that interact with ncRNAs could offer novel therapeutic possibilities. Therefore, this review provides a concise overview of the interconnection between ER stress and ncRNAs in breast cancer, elucidating the nuanced effects of the UPR on cell fate and emphasizing the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in breast cancer progression.

The implications of exosomes in pregnancy: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutics targets.

Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell and membranous particles originating from different cell compartments. EVs participate in many essential physiological functions and mediate fetal-maternal communications. Exosomes are the smallest unit of EVs, which are delivered to the extracellular space. Exosomes can be released by the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membranes and are involved in angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, and embryo implantation. Also, various diseases such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction can be related to the content of placental exosomes during pregnancy. Due to exosomes' ability to transport signaling molecules and their effect on sperm function, they can also play a role in male and female infertility. In the new insight, exosomal miRNA can diagnose and treat infertilities disorders. In this review, we focused on the functions of exosomes during pregnancy. Video abstract.

Evaluation of The Safety and Efficacy of Newly Developed Domestic Allergenic Extracts for Skin Prick Testing.

BACKGROUND: Allergic disorders are common health problems worldwide with significant socio-economic impacts. The best diagnostic method using allergenic extract is the skin prick test. Regarding the effects of geo-climatic factors and allergenic extract source material quality, the aim of study was to determine the safety and efficacy of some in-house-developed allergenic extracts. METHODS: Forty-five different allergenic extracts, including common regional pollen, foods, and dog and cat hair, as well as positive and negative extracts, were prepared from domestic sources using optimum extraction methods. All extracts passed stability and sterility testing, and sterile final products containing 50% glycerin in 10 and 20 w/v concentrations were used. Skin prick testing was performed on volunteers and immediate or late side effects were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 56 students (mean age: 21.2±2.3y, M/F ratio: 1.07) participated in this study. For inhalant allergens, all extracts except dog hair extract caused positive responses. Salsola kali (Russian thistle) and Fraxinus velutina (ash tree) were the most common grass and tree pollen extracts, respectively. Of 18 different food extracts, five, including egg white, tomato, fig, melon, and green pepper caused skin reactivity in only one person. No participant reported any immediate or late side effects, including large local reaction or systemic response. CONCLUSION: The result of the current study confirmed the safety of all our in-house-developed allergenic extracts. Regarding efficacy, almost all inhalant and five food allergens caused positive skin responses.

Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Berberis vulgaris leaf and root aqueous extract and its antibacterial activity.

Most recently, silver nanoparticles due to antibacterial properties have been considered in medical science. So the aim of the study was green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Berberis vulgaris leaf and root aqueous extract and its antibacterial activity. After collection, identification and extraction of Berberis vulgaris was performed production of silver nanoparticles. In the study effect of parameters such as AgNO3 concentration (0.5, 1, 3, 10 mM), aqueous extract (3, 5, 10, 15, 30 mL) and contact time (1, 2, 6, 12, 24 h) were investigated in the synthesis of nanoparticles and also the antibacterial effect of these nanoparticles was studied on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by Disk diffusion test and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test (MIC). According to XRD results and analysis of TEM, nanoparticles have spherical shapes and size of 30 to 70 nm. On the other hand antibacterial tests showed these nanoparticles have more antibacterial activity more than other extracts. Result showed the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Berberis vulgaris is a clean, inexpensive and safe method that has not been used any toxic substance and consequently does not side effects and this nanoparticles has a high antibacterial activity.

Decreased Serum Level of miR-155 is Associated with Obesity and its Related Metabolic Traits.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disease, affecting many of the adult population all around the world. In recent years much attention has been paid to the role of circulating miRNAs as novel biomarkers for various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of miR-155 in serum samples of diabetic and healthy subjects. METHODS: 42 healthy and 45 type 2 diabetic subjects participated in the study. Serum miR-155 level of the subjects was measured using real-time PCR. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified using ELISA. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the level of miR-155 between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The level of miR-155 in non-diabetic obese group was significantly lower than the non-diabetic lean subjects. Correlation analyses in non-diabetic group revealed a significant negative correlation between the amount of miR155 and body mass index and cholesterol levels after the elimination of the confounding factors. In diabetic group, a negative correlation was found between miR-155 and insulin, HOMA-IR, and waist circumference levels. Furthermore, no significant relationship between miR-155 and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) was observed in both diabetic and healthy groups. CONCLUSIONS: A reduced level of miR-155 might associate with obesity and its related metabolic traits such as hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia.

Decreased serum microRNA-21 level is associated with obesity in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Recently, much attention has been paid to the role of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel biomarkers for various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of a subset of miRNAs in serum samples of the diabetic and healthy subjects. METHODS: Forty two healthy and 45 T2D subjects participated in this study. Serum miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a levels were measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the serum level of miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The level of miR-21 in obese non-diabetic and diabetic subjects was significantly lower than lean subjects. Correlation analyses in non-diabetic and diabetic groups revealed a significant negative correlation between the amount of miR-21 and body mass index, waist circumference, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. CONCLUSIONS: A reduced level of miR-21 might associate with obesity and its related metabolic traits such as hyperinsulinaemia.

Increased Concentrations of Interleukin-33 in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: Interleukin (IL)-33 is a cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects involved in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-33 concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Blood specimens were obtained from 140 patients with MS (46 males and 94 females) with various disease patterns and treatment plans and 140 healthy subjects (47 males and 93 females), who acted as a control group. CSF samples were collected from 20 MS group and 20 sex- and age-matched patients with other neurological diseases of nonautoimmune etiology. The serum and CSF concentrations of IL-33 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The serum and CSF IL-33 levels were significantly higher in the MS group compared to the control group (p<0.001 and p<0.050, respectively). The serum IL-33 concentrations were also significantly higher in newly diagnosed (untreated) patients and patients treated with methylprednisolone or with interferon-ß and methylprednisolone compared to the healthy patient group (p<0.007, p<0.002, and p<0.010, respectively). Moreover, the serum IL-33 concentrations in patients with relapsing-remitting (RRMS), primary progressive (PPMS), and secondary progressive (SPMS) forms of the disease were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p<0.006, p<0.001, and p<0.020, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed increased concentrations of IL-33 in patients with MS including both untreated and treated MS patients and patients with the RRMS, SPMS, and PPMS forms. This suggests that IL-33 may be involved in the pathogenesis of all MS forms and treatment with methylprednisolone or both interferon-ß plus methylprednisolone has no influence on IL-33 concentrations.